D’yakonov, Vladimir A.’s team published research in Pharmaceuticals in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsSafety of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

D’yakonov, Vladimir A.; Tuktarova, Regina A.; Dzhemileva, Lilya U.; Ishmukhametova, Svetlana R.; Dzhemilev, Usein M. published an article in 2021. The article was titled 《Synthesis and anticancer activity of hybrid molecules based on lithocholic and (5Z,9Z)-tetradeca-5,9-dienedioic acids linked via mono(di,tri,tetra)ethylene glycol and α,ω-diaminoalkane units》, and you may find the article in Pharmaceuticals.Safety of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane The information in the text is summarized as follows:

For first time, hybrid mols. were synthesized on basis of lithocholic and (5Z,9Z)-1,14-tetradeca-5,9-dienedicarboxylic acids, obtained in two stages using homo-cyclomagnesiation reaction of 2-(hepta-5,6-diene-1-yloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran at key stage. The resulting hybrid mols. containing 5Z,9Z-dienoic acids were of interest as novel synthetic biol. active precursors to create modern drugs for treatment of human oncol. diseases. The synthesized hybrid mols. were found to exhibit extremely high in vitro inhibitory activity against human topoisomerase I, which is 2-4 times higher than that of camptothecin, a known topoisomerase I inhibitor. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, it was first shown that these new mols. are efficient apoptosis inducers in HeLa, U937, Jurkat, K562, and Hek293 cell cultures. In addition, results of investigations into effect of synthesized acids on mitochondria and studies of possible DNA damage in Jurkat tumor cells are also presented. In addition to this study using N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane, there are many other studies that have used N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Safety of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane) was used in this study.

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsSafety of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nussbaum, Simon’s team published research in Chemistry of Materials in 2022 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsRelated Products of 51857-17-1

In 2022,Nussbaum, Simon; Socie, Etienne; Yao, Liang; Yum, Jun-Ho; Moser, Jacques-E.; Sivula, Kevin published an article in Chemistry of Materials. The title of the article was 《Tuning naphththalenediimide cations for incorporation into Ruddlesden-Popper-type hybrid perovskites》.Related Products of 51857-17-1 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Layered hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (LHOIP) materials constructed with low-band-gap chromophore-based organic spacer cations are an emerging class of materials that promise unique tunability of their optoelectronic properties. However, the large size of such chromophore-based spacer cations challenges their incorporation into a layered perovskite structure and requires further insight into the layered perovskite phase formation mechanism. Herein, we report the preparation and incorporation of asym. naphthalenediimide (NDI) spacer chromophore cations with different amine-bearing alkyl linker chains into thin films of LHOIPs. Using in situ UV-vis spectroscopic kinetic studies of the quantum well formation, we show that shorter linker chain lengths require higher annealing temperatures to form the LHOIP structure. Avrami anal. of the layered perovskite formation shows a larger Avrami coefficient (n = 3.64) for short linker chain-bearing cations compared to that for longer alkyl chain-bearing cations (n = 2.43), suggesting an evolution from three-dimensional to quasi-two-dimensional crystal growth with increasing linker chain length. Addnl., transient absorption spectroscopy and broad-band fluorescent upconversion spectroscopy indicate fast photoinduced charge transfer from the inorganic layer to the electron-accepting NDI-spacer cation. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Related Products of 51857-17-1)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsRelated Products of 51857-17-1

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Yan’s team published research in Journal of Controlled Release in 2020 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Reference of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

《Biotin-decorated all-HPMA polymeric micelles for paclitaxel delivery》 was published in Journal of Controlled Release in 2020. These research results belong to Wang, Yan; van Steenbergen, Mies J.; Beztsinna, Nataliia; Shi, Yang; Lammers, Twan; van Nostrum, Cornelus F.; Hennink, Wim E.. Reference of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane The article mentions the following:

To avoid poly(ethylene glycol)-related issues of nanomedicines such as accelerated blood clearance, fully N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide (HPMAm)-based polymeric micelles decorated with biotin for drug delivery were designed. To this end, a biotin-functionalized chain transfer agent (CTA), 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)-sulfanyl]pentanoic acid (biotin-CDTPA), was synthesized for reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization Amphiphilic poly(N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide)-block-poly(N-2-benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide) (p(HPMAm)-b-p(HPMAm-Bz)) with mol. weights ranging from 8 to 24 kDa were synthesized using CDTPA or biotin-CDTPA as CTA and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as initiator. The copolymers self-assembled in aqueous media into micelles with sizes of 40-90 nm which pos. correlated to the chain length of the hydrophobic block in the polymers, whereas the critical micelle concentrations decreased with increasing hydrophobic block length. The polymer with a mol. weight of 22.1 kDa was used to prepare paclitaxel-loaded micelles which had sizes between 61 and 70 nm, and a maximum loading capacity of around 10 wt%. A549 lung cancer cells overexpressing the biotin receptor, internalized the biotin-decorated micelles more efficiently than non-targeted micelles, while very low internalization of both types of micelles by HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells lacking the biotin receptor was observed As a consequence, the paclitaxel-loaded micelles with biotin decoration exhibited stronger cytotoxicity in A549 cells than non-targeted micelles. Overall, a synthetic pathway to obtain actively targeted poly(ethylene glycol)-free micelles fully based on a poly(HPMAm) backbone was established. These polymeric micelles are promising systems for the delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs. In the experiment, the researchers used N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Reference of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Reference of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Posternak, Ganna’s team published research in Nature Chemical Biology in 2020 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsApplication In Synthesis of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

《Functional characterization of a PROTAC directed against BRAF mutant V600E》 was written by Posternak, Ganna; Tang, Xiaojing; Maisonneuve, Pierre; Jin, Ting; Lavoie, Hugo; Daou, Salima; Orlicky, Stephen; Goullet de Rugy, Theo; Caldwell, Lauren; Chan, Kin; Aman, Ahmed; Prakesch, Michael; Poda, Gennady; Mader, Pavel; Wong, Cassandra; Maier, Stefan; Kitaygorodsky, Julia; Larsen, Brett; Colwill, Karen; Yin, Zhe; Ceccarelli, Derek F.; Batey, Robert A.; Taipale, Mikko; Kurinov, Igor; Uehling, David; Wrana, Jeff; Durocher, Daniel; Gingras, Anne-Claude; Al-Awar, Rima; Therrien, Marc; Sicheri, Frank. Application In Synthesis of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane And the article was included in Nature Chemical Biology in 2020. The article conveys some information:

Abstract: The RAF family kinases function in the RAS-ERK pathway to transmit signals from activated RAS to the downstream kinases MEK and ERK. This pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, enabling mutations in RAS and RAF to act as potent drivers of human cancers. Drugs targeting the prevalent oncogenic mutant BRAF(V600E) have shown great efficacy in the clinic, but long-term effectiveness is limited by resistance mechanisms that often exploit the dimerization-dependent process by which RAF kinases are activated. Here, we investigated a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) approach to BRAF inhibition. The most effective PROTAC, termed P4B, displayed superior specificity and inhibitory properties relative to non-PROTAC controls in BRAF(V600E) cell lines. In addition, P4B displayed utility in cell lines harboring alternative BRAF mutations that impart resistance to conventional BRAF inhibitors. This work provides a proof of concept for a substitute to conventional chem. inhibition to therapeutically constrain oncogenic BRAF. [graphic not available: see fulltext]. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Application In Synthesis of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsApplication In Synthesis of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Yan, Guoyi’s team published research in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Yan, Guoyi; Zhong, Xinxin; Pu, Chunlan; Yue, Lin; Shan, Huifang; Lan, Suke; Zhou, Meng; Hou, Xueyan; Yang, Jie; Li, Deyu; Fan, Shilong; Li, Rui published their research in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2021. The article was titled 《Targeting Cysteine Located Outside the Active Site: An Effective Strategy for Covalent ALKi Design》.Category: esters-buliding-blocks The article contains the following contents:

Potent inhibitors of ALK are highly desired because of the occurrence of drug resistance. We herein firstly report the development of a rationally designed inhibitor, Con B-1, which can covalently bind to Cys1259, a cysteine located outside the ALK active site by linking a warhead with Ceritinib through a 2,2′-Oxybis(ethylamine) linker. The in vitro and in vivo assays showed ConB-1 is a potent selective ALKi with low toxicity to normal cells. In addition, the mol. showed significant improvement of anticancer activities and potential antidrug resistant activity compared with Ceritinib, demonstrating the covalent inhibitor of ALK can be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of NSCLC. This work may provide a novel perspective on the design of covalent inhibitors. In the experiment, the researchers used N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Category: esters-buliding-blocks)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Yi, Xinzeyu’s team published research in Journal of Controlled Release in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2

Yi, Xinzeyu; Cao, Zhi; Yuan, Ying; Li, Wen; Cui, Xinyue; Chen, Zilin; Hu, Xiang; Yu, Aixi published their research in Journal of Controlled Release in 2021. The article was titled 《Design and synthesis of a novel mitochondria-targeted osteosarcoma theranostic agent based on a PIM1 kinase inhibitor》.Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2 The article contains the following contents:

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignancy of the skeletal system, with a poor prognosis and high rate of recurrence. Adequate surgical margin and adjuvant chemotherapy improve the overall survival and limb salvage rate of osteosarcoma patients. Previous studies have showed that OS exhibits an increase in the expression of proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM1) kinase, and high levels of PIM1 are also associated with poor OS prognosis and metastasis. We exploited the overexpression of proto-oncogenic PIM1 in OS toward the development of a novel near-IR imaging and targeted therapeutic agent, namely QCAi-Cy7d by conjugating a PIM1 small mol. inhibitor and heptamethine cyanine dye, for simultaneous guiding surgery and chemotherapy. QCAi-Cy7d showed targeted imaging and anticancer activities against OS in vitro and vivo without any obvious toxicity, and its antitumoral activity was much greater than the parent PIMI inhibitor. These results demonstrated the potential of new conjugate of PIM1 inhibitor and near-IR imaging, supporting structure-based design and development of theranostic agents for precise tumor imaging and targeted treatment. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Guven, Melek Naz’s team published research in European Polymer Journal in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsApplication of 51857-17-1

Guven, Melek Naz; Balaban, Burcu; Demirci, Gozde; Yagci Acar, Havva; Okay, Oguz; Avci, Duygu published an article in 2021. The article was titled 《Bisphosphonate-functionalized poly(amido amine) crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel as tissue engineering scaffold》, and you may find the article in European Polymer Journal.Application of 51857-17-1 The information in the text is summarized as follows:

The first water soluble, bisphosphonate (BP, not bisphosphonic acid)-functionalized poly(amido amine) macromer (PAA-BP) is synthesized and used as a crosslinker for synthesis of a biodegradable and biocompatible hydrogel for tissue engineering scaffolds. The synthesis of PAA-BP is performed in three steps, the first two giving the control macromers (PAA-NHBoc and PAA-NH2): (i) Michael addition reaction of N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide and N-Boc-1,6-hexanediamine (acrylamide/amine ratios of 1.2), (ii) deprotection of Boc-protected amine groups, (iii) Michael addition reaction of the amine groups with tetra-Et vinylidene bisphosphonate. The degree of BP substitution is 50% and mol. weight of the PAA-BP macromer is found to be 4800 g/mol. These macromers are incorporated into hydrogels by copolymerization with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and the influence of bisphosphonate functionality on hydrogel properties; degradation, swelling, mech. and mineralization, is investigated. The mineralization abilities, hence the mech. properties of the hydrogels are strongly influenced by the BP functionality; PAA-BP forming strong (E = 83 ± 1 kPa) hydrogel-apatite composites, PAA-NH2 also working to a lesser degree (E = 54 ± 3 kPa). Cytocompatibility of the hydrogels is observed on Saos-2 human osteosarcoma, U-2 OS human bone osteosarcoma epithelial, C2C12 mouse myoblast muscle and NIH mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cells. PAA-BP crosslinked hydrogels facilitate adhesion of C2C12 cells after mineralization. In summary, BP-functionalized hydrogel may have a potential impact on bone tissue engineering. In addition to this study using N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane, there are many other studies that have used N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Application of 51857-17-1) was used in this study.

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsApplication of 51857-17-1

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Adak, Avijit K.’s team published research in ACS Applied Bio Materials in 2020 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is used to prepare 1,3-Bis[6-(Boc-amino)hexyl]urea by reacting with carbonyl dichloride in the presence of triethylamine. Further, it is used as a reagent for the introduction of a C6-spacer.Formula: C11H24N2O2

Formula: C11H24N2O2In 2020 ,《Regioselective SN2-Type Reaction for the Oriented and Irreversible Immobilization of Antibodies to a Glass Surface Assisted by Boronate Formation》 appeared in ACS Applied Bio Materials. The author of the article were Adak, Avijit K.; Huang, Kuan-Ting; Li, Pei-Jhen; Fan, Chen-Yo; Lin, Po-Chiao; Hwang, Kuo-Chu; Lin, Chun-Cheng. The article conveys some information:

Antibodies have exquisite specificities for mol. recognition, which led to their incorporation into array sensors that are crucial for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Many of these platforms rely heavily on surface-bound reactive groups to covalently tether antibodies to solid substrates; however, this strategy is hindered by a lack of orientation control over antibody immobilization. Here, the authors report a mild electrophilic phenylsulfonate (tosylate) ester-containing boronic acid affinity ligand for attaching antibodies to glass slides. A high level of antibody coupling located near the Fc region of the boronated antibody complex could be achieved by the proximal nucleophilic amino acid driven substitution reaction at the phenylsulfonate center. This enabled the full-length antibodies to be permanently tethered onto surfaces in an oriented manner. The advantages of this strategy were demonstrated through the individual and multiplex detection of protein and serum biomarkers. This strategy not only confers stability to the immobilized antibodies but also presents a different direction for the irreversible attachment of antibodies to solid supports in an orientation-controlled way. In the experiment, the researchers used N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Formula: C11H24N2O2)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is used to prepare 1,3-Bis[6-(Boc-amino)hexyl]urea by reacting with carbonyl dichloride in the presence of triethylamine. Further, it is used as a reagent for the introduction of a C6-spacer.Formula: C11H24N2O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Li, Xiaona’s team published research in ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.HPLC of Formula: 51857-17-1

《Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells by Glutathione Transferase Inhibitor Mediated Hydrophobic Tagging Molecules》 was written by Li, Xiaona; Lu, Zirui; Wang, Cong; Li, Kebin; Xu, Fengrong; Xu, Ping; Niu, Yan. HPLC of Formula: 51857-17-1 And the article was included in ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2021. The article conveys some information:

The abnormally high expression of glutathione transferases is closely associated with cancer incidence and drug resistance. By introducing a hydrophobic moiety to the inhibitor structure, we organized a series of degraders of glutathione transferases and demonstrated them potently inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, presenting their pharmacol. potential in cancer therapy. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1HPLC of Formula: 51857-17-1)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) can be used as a linear hexyl spacer (C6-spacer) to synthesize biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery, a multifunctional dendrimer for theranostics and so on.HPLC of Formula: 51857-17-1

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gilpin, Anna’s team published research in Advanced Healthcare Materials in 2021 | CAS: 51857-17-1

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsElectric Literature of C11H24N2O2

Gilpin, Anna; Zeng, Yuze; Hoque, Jiaul; Ryu, Ji Hyun; Yang, Yong; Zauscher, Stefan; Eward, William; Varghese, Shyni published an article in 2021. The article was titled 《Self-Healing of Hyaluronic Acid to Improve In Vivo Retention and Function》, and you may find the article in Advanced Healthcare Materials.Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2 The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Convergent advances in the field of soft matter, macromol. chem., and engineering have led to the development of biomaterials that possess autonomous, adaptive, and self-healing characteristics similar to living systems. These rationally designed biomaterials can surpass the capabilities of their parent material. Herein, the modification of hyaluronic acid (HA) to exhibit self-healing properties is described, and its phys. and biol. function both in vitro and in vivo is studied. The in vitro findings showed that self-healing HA designed to undergo self-repair improves lubrication, enhances free radical scavenging, and attenuates enzymic degradation compared to unmodified HA. Longitudinal imaging following intraarticular injection of self-healing HA shows improved in vivo retention despite its low mol. weight Concomitant with these functions, intraarticular injection of self-healing HA mitigates anterior cruciate ligament injury-mediated cartilage degeneration in rodents. This proof-of-concept study shows how incorporation of functional properties such as self-healing can be used to surpass the existing capabilities of biolubricants. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1Electric Literature of C11H24N2O2)

N-Boc-1,6-Diaminohexane(cas: 51857-17-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis used in the preparation of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that resist adsorption of proteins using the reaction of amines with a SAM that presents interchain carboxylic anhydride groupsElectric Literature of C11H24N2O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics