Category: 31566-31-1

Continuous production of raloxifene hydrochloride loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using hot-melt extrusion technology was written by Muhindo, Derick;Ashour, Eman A.;Almutairi, Mashan;Joshi, Poorva H.;Repka, Michael A.. And the article was included in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology in 2021.Reference of 31566-31-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The aim of this study was to utilize a continuous process for the production of orally administered raloxifene hydrochloride (RX-HCl) loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations for extended drug release using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technol. coupled with probe sonication, and also to evaluate the in vitro characteristics of the prepared NLCs. Preparation of the NLCs using HME technol. involved two main steps, first formation of a pre-emulsion after extrusion and then size reduction of the pre-emulsion using probe sonication to obtain the NLCs. A screw speed of 100 rpm and a barrel temperature of 85°C, were used in the extrusion process. NLCs prepared by HME technol. showed a lower particle size compared to those prepared by the conventional probe sonication method. The prepared NLCs had high entrapment efficiency values (>90%). In vitro drug release was evaluated using dialysis bag diffusion technique and USP apparatus I. Overall, the RX-HCl loaded NLCs had a higher rate of drug release than the pure drug. The release profile for the F4-3 NLC formulations and pure drug at the beginning and end of the stability study were comparable. The particle size of the prepared NLCs remained stable over the storage period and all PDI and zeta potential values were ≤ 0.5 and in the range of -15 to -30 mV, resp., indicating good phys. stability of the formulations. In summary, HME technol. and probe sonication were successfully used to prepare RX-HCl loaded NLC formulations with shorter processing times as compared to the conventional probe sonication method, which makes this technique a uniquely more industry-friendly method. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Reference of 31566-31-1).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Reference of 31566-31-1

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Mixtures of Pure Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols was written by Nicholson, Reed A.;Mazzanti, Gianfranco;Marangoni, Alejandro G.. And the article was included in Crystal Growth & Design in 2022.Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This differential scanning calorimetry survey provides a valuable exploratory map. It identifies the mixtures of pure mono- and diacylglycerols (MAGs and DAGs), proportions, and temperatures needed for planning deeper crystallog. characterizations. Monopalmitin and monostearin produced a eutectic mixture The formation of solid-solution crystals at all concentrations was observed for the mixtures of 1-monolinolein and 1-monoolein. The range of proportions at which MAGs formed solid solutions was reduced when structural differences between fatty acid moieties increased. 1-Monopalmitin formed solid solutions with 1-monoolein when less than 19.3% 1-monopalmitin was present. Addnl., low amounts of 1-monoolein ( < 10.1%) formed solid solutions with 1-monopalmitin while causing 1-monopalmitin α crystals to transition to higher melting polymorphs. The mixtures of diolein and 1-monoolein formed solid solutions up to a 1-monoolein concentration of 50% and melted sep. at greater 1-monoolein concentrations Furthermore, 1-monopalmitin formed solid solutions with diolein only when 1-monopalmitin was present below 3.7%. The formation of solid solutions was not observed between 1-monopalmitin and palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol. The addition of palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol, however, caused a polymorphic transformation in 1-monpalmitin to the β′ form. For diolein + 1-monoolein, 1-monopalmitin + 1-monoolein, and diolein + palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol mixtures, at low concentrations, higher-melting species always had a solid-state partial solubility in lower-melting species. At higher concentrations, it phase separated, melting as a sep. component. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Structural characterization of hydrogel-oleogel biphasic systems as affected by oleogelators was written by Yang, Jingyi;Zheng, Hongxia;Mo, Yunfan;Gao, Yanxiang;Mao, Like. And the article was included in Food Research International in 2022.Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This work developed novel bi-phasic gel systems containing a hydrogel (κ-carrageenan) and an oleogel, and investigated the roles of different oleogelators (glycerol monostearate-GMS and beeswax-BW) on the structures of the bigels. Stable bigels were obtained via a facile blending approach by carefully controlling the mixing temperature Microstructural observation indicated that GMS-based bigels were of oil-in-water type, and BW-based bigels were of water-in-oil type. In GMS-based bigels, both water holding capacity and oil holding capacity after freeze-thawing were enhanced with the increase in GMS content. The bigel with 8% (weight/weight) GMS had water holding capacity and oil holding capacity of 94.81% and 93.13%, resp. In BW-based bigels, oil holding capacity was also increased (from 36.98% to 88.39%), but separation of oleogel and hydrogel was detected after centrifugation. Textural and rheol. anal. revealed that gel strength of the bigels were gradually increased with the increase in oleogelator content, and BW-based bigels were much stronger than GMS-based ones. Moreover, BW-based bigels had higher relaxation degree. DSC anal. found that thermodn. stability of the bigels were increased with the increase in oleogelator content. Temperature sweep rheol. anal. indicated that GMS-based bigels were not able to fully recover their original structure and gel strength after heating-cooling cycle due to the nature of the crystals formed in bigels. This study offered profound structural information about the bigels as affected by different oleogelators, which was also useful for the development of novel functional products. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Protective effect of surfactant modified phytosterol oleogels on loaded curcumin was written by Li, Junhua;Zhai, Jiali;Chang, Cuihua;Yang, Yanjun;Drummond, Calum J.;Conn, Charlotte E.. And the article was included in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.Category: esters-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

BACKGROUND : Oleogels represent one of the most important carriers for the delivery of lipophilic nutraceuticals. Phytosterols (PS), plant-derived natural sterol compounds, are preferred for oleogel preparation due to their self-assembly properties and health function. However, the relationship between the phys. properties of PS-based oleogels and the chem. stability of loaded bioactive compounds is still unclear. RESULTS : The influence of lecithin (LC) and glycerol monostearate (GMS) on the phys. properties of PS-based oleogels made of liquid coconut oil and the stability of curcumin as a model bioactive loaded in the oleogels was investigated. Results showed that the flow consistency index was much higher for GMS-containing oleogels than that for LC-containing oleogels. The optical microscopy and X-ray scattering anal. showed that the addition of GMS in the PS oleogels promoted the formation of a crystal mixture with different crystal polymorph structures, whereas LC addition promoted the formation of needle-like crystals of PS. Using curcumin as a model lipophilic nutraceutical, the GMS-enriched PS oleogels with high crystallinity and flow consistency index exhibited a good retention ratio and scavenging activity of the loaded curcumin when stored at room temperature CONCLUSION : This study shows that enhancing the firmness of oleogels made from PS and liquid coconut oil is beneficial to the retention and chem. stability of a loaded bioactive (curcumin). The findings of the study will boost the development of PS-based oleogel formulations for lipophilic nutraceutical delivery. 2022 Society of Chem. Industry. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Metabolomics analysis of the potential toxicological mechanisms of diquat dibromide herbicide in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver was written by Xiao, Ye;Lin, Xiang;Zhou, Meilan;Ren, Tianyu;Gao, Ruili;Liu, Zhongqun;Shen, Wenjing;Wang, Rong;Xie, Xi;Song, Yanting;Hu, Wenting. And the article was included in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry in 2022.Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Although diquat is a widely used water-soluble herbicide in the world, its sublethal adverse effects to fish have not been well characterised. In this study, histopathol. examination and biochem. assays were applied to assess hepatotoxicity and combined with gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics anal. to reveal overall metabolic mechanisms in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after diquat exposure at concentrations of 0.34 and 1.69 mg·L-1 for 21 days. Results indicated that 1.69 mg·L-1 diquat exposure caused cellular vacuolisation and degeneration with nuclear abnormality and led to the disturbance of antioxidative system and dysfunction in the liver. No evident pathol. injury was detected, and changes in liver biochem. were not obvious in the fish exposed to 0.34 mg·L-1 diquat. Multivariate statistical anal. revealed differences between profiles obtained by GC-MS spectrometry from control and two treatment groups. A total of 17 and 22 metabolites belonging to different classes were identified following exposure to 0.34 and 1.69 mg·L-1 diquat, resp. The metabolic changes in the liver of zebrafish are mainly manifested as inhibition of energy metabolism, disorders of amino acid metabolism and reduction of antioxidant capacity caused by 1.69 mg·L-1 diquat exposure. The energy metabolism of zebrafish exposed to 0.34 mg·L-1 diquat was more inclined to rely on anaerobic glycolysis than that of normal zebrafish, and interference effects on lipid metabolism were observed The metabolomics approach provided an innovative perspective to explore possible hepatic damages on fish induced by diquat as a basis for further research. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Evaluation of Structural Behavior in the Process Dynamics of Oleogel-Based Tender Dough Products was written by Tanislav, Anda E.;Puscas, Andreea;Paucean, Adriana;Muresan, Andruta E.;Semeniuc, Cristina A.;Muresan, Vlad;Mudura, Elena. And the article was included in Gels in 2022.Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The current trend is represented by replacing solid fats with structured liquid oil while maintaining the plastic properties of food products. In this study, the behavior of refined sunflower oil structured with various agents (carnauba wax-CRW, β-sitosterol:beeswax-BS:BW, β-sitosterol:lecithin-BS:LEC, and glycerol monostearate-GM) was evaluated in the process dynamics of oleogel-based tender dough products. The oleogel with the mixture of β-sitosterol:beeswax (OG_BS:BW) displayed the highest capacity to retain oil inside the matrix with a percentage of oil loss as low as 0.05% and also had a significantly higher hardness (6.37 N) than the reference, a com. margarine (MR-3.58 N). During cooling from 90 to 4°C, the increase in oleogel’ viscosity results from oleogelator’s liquid-solid phase transition. As demonstrated by the frequency sweeps performed, storage modulus G’ was higher than loss modulus G”, no cross-over points were observed, and the strongest gel network was for the oleogel with glycerol monostearate (OG_GM). Regarding the dough, the sample prepared using the oleogel with carnauba wax (D_CRW) showed the strongest hardness (92.49 N) compared to the reference (D_MR-21.80 N). All the oleogel-containing doughs had elastic solid-like behavior. The samples with margarine (D_MR) and the mixture of β-sitosterol:lecithin (D_BS:LEC) presented the lowest value of both moduli of G’ and G” during the frequency sweep. The biscuits formulated with com. margarine (B_MR) registered a hardness of 28.74 N. Samples with oleogels showed a specific tenderness for tender dough products, thus being suitable for this type of product (11.22-20.97 N). This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Quality Control of Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Humic acids alleviate the toxicity of reduced graphene oxide modified by nanosized palladium in microalgae was written by Li, Xiaokang;Yan, Yan;Li, Xiaoqiang;Mu, Li;Zhao, Jingqi;Yao, Mingqi;Hu, Xiangang. And the article was included in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety in 2022.Safety of Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The use of graphene-family materials modified by nanosized palladium (Pd/GFMs) has intensified rapidly in various fields; however, the effects of environmental factors (e.g., natural organic matter (NOM)) on the transformation and ecotoxicity of Pd/GFMs remain largely unknown. In this study, reduced graphene oxide modified by nanosized Pd (Pd/rGO) was incubated with humic acid (HA) under light irradiation for 56 d to explore the effects of NOM on the physicochem. transformations (e.g., defects, surface charges and dispersity) and biol. toxicity (e.g., growth inhibition, oxidative stress and ultrastructural damage on algae cells) of Pd/GFMs. The results revealed that HA increased the defects and dispersity of Pd/rGO. Growth inhibition, damage to cellular ultrastructures, and oxidative stress in microalgae cells were induced by Pd/rGO, and corresponding defense responses (e.g., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione) were activated. HA diminished the above defense responses in microalgae triggered by Pd/rGO by regulating GSH metabolism and the alanine biosynthesis pathway. In the presence of HA, cell wall damage (i.e., hole formation) caused by exposure to Pd/rGO was restored, and the plasmolysis area was reduced by 28.6%. In addition, growth inhibition, lipid peroxidation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation induced by 1.0 mg/L MoS2NPs were decreased by 1.4-65.6%, 13.9-26.1%, 21.8-58.3% and 9.6-16.1%, resp. These findings highlight the need to consider the effects of HA on the environmental transformation and biol. toxicity of Pd/GFMs, which presents significant implications for the management of Pd/GFMs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Safety of Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Safety of Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Brain targeting of venlafaxine HCl as a hydrophilic agent prepared through green lipid nanotechnology was written by Saeedi, Majid;Morteza-Semnani, Katayoun;Akbari, Jafar;Siahposht-Khachaki, Ali;Firouzi, Marzie;Goodarzi, Amin;Abootorabi, Shidrokh;Babaei, Amirhossein;Hassan Hashemi, Seyyed Mohammad;Nokhodchi, Ali. And the article was included in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology in 2021.Recommanded Product: 31566-31-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This study aimed to improve venlafaxine HCl brain delivery using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) made by an ultrasonication method. The impact of the ratio of two surfactants (Tween:Span) on nanoparticle behaviors and their efficiency was examined to achieve optimal brain delivery for venlafaxine. To study the solid-state of venlafaxine in SLNs and detect any potential interactions between the drug and other formulation excipients, PCS, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and DSC were employed. By reducing the HLB (Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) of the binary surfactants, the particle size of SLN increased. The optimized nanoparticles showed an average particle size of 311.33 ±9.29 nm when the HLB of the ratio of the surfactants (Tween:Span) was adjusted to 8. The zeta potential of SLNs decreased from -15.90 ± 0.70 to -6.95±0.42 mV when the HLB of the system was reduced from 14 to 8. According to the results, the highest entrapment efficiency of 76.05 ±1.42% was observed for the formulation with the largest particle size and the lowest HLB value (HLB 8). DSC anal. showed that venlafaxine was in an amorphous state in SLN. The findings of the ATR-FTIR also excluded any chem. interactions between excipients and the drug. Venlafaxine-SLN had a prolonged release pattern, according to the in vitro diffusion process. Venlafaxine oral absorption from SLN was also substantially higher than venlafaxine solution after single-dose oral administration of venlafaxine preparations This research demonstrated that the venlafaxine-SLN might be employed as a potential nano-vehicle for venlafaxine brain delivery and potentially opens up new avenues for depression treatment. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Recommanded Product: 31566-31-1).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Recommanded Product: 31566-31-1

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Comprehensive evaluation of caloric restriction-induced changes in the metabolome profile of mice was written by Xie, Dadi;Huang, Jinxi;Zhang, Qiang;Zhao, Shiyuan;Xue, Hongjia;Yu, Qing-Qing;Sun, Zhuohao;Li, Jing;Yang, Xiumei;Shao, Minglei;Pang, Deshui;Jiang, Pei. And the article was included in Nutrition & Metabolism in 2022.Application In Synthesis of Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Caloric restriction (CR) is known to extend lifespan and exert a protective effect on organs, and is thus a low-cost and easily implemented approach to the health maintenance. However, there have been no studies that have systematically evaluated the metabolic changes that occur in the main tissues affected by CR. This study aimed to explore the target tissues metabolomic profile in CR mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to the CR group (n = 7) and control group (n = 7). A non-targeted gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry approach and multivariate anal. were used to identify metabolites in the main tissues (serum, heart, liver, kidney, cortex, hippocampus, lung, muscle, and white adipose) in model of CR. We identified 10 metabolites in the heart that showed differential abundance between the 2 groups, along with 9 in kidney, 6 in liver, 6 in lung, 6 in white adipose, 4 in hippocampus, 4 in serum, 3 in cortex, and 2 in muscle. The most significantly altered metabolites were amino acids (AAs) (glycine, aspartic acid, L-isoleucine, L-proline, L-aspartic acid, L-serine, L-hydroxyproline, L-alanine, L-valine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, and L-phenylalanine) and fatty acids (FAs) (palmitic acid, 1-monopalmitin, glycerol monostearate, docosahexaenoic acid, 16-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and hexanoic acid). These metabolites were associated with 7 different functional pathways related to the metabolism of AAs, lipids, and energy. Our results provide insight into the specific metabolic changes that are induced by CR and can serve as a reference for physiol. studies on how CR improves health and extends lifespan. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Application In Synthesis of Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Application In Synthesis of Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lipid Nanocarriers Overlaid with Chitosan for Brain Delivery of Berberine via the Nasal Route was written by Abo El-Enin, Hadel A.;Elkomy, Mohammed H.;Naguib, Ibrahim A.;Ahmed, Marwa F.;Alsaidan, Omar A.;Alsalahat, Izzeddin;Ghoneim, Mohammed M.;Eid, Hussein M.. And the article was included in Pharmaceuticals in 2022.Name: Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This research aimed to design, optimize, and evaluate berberine-laden nanostructured lipid carriers overlaid with chitosan (BER-CTS-NLCs) for efficient brain delivery via the intranasal route. The nanostructured lipid carriers containing berberine (BER-NLCs) were formulated via hot homogenization and ultrasonication strategy and optimized for the influence of a variety of causal variables, including the amount of glycerol monostearate (solid lipid), poloxamer 407 (surfactant) concentration, and oleic acid (liquid lipid) amount, on size of the particles, entrapment, and the total drug release after 24 h. The optimal BER-NLCs formulation was then coated with chitosan. Their diameter, in vitro release, surface charge, morphol., ex vivo permeability, pH, histol., and in vivo (pharmacokinetics and brain uptake) parameters were estimated BER-CTS-NLCs had a size of 180.9 ± 4.3 nm, sustained-release properties, pos. surface charge of 36.8 mV, and augmented ex-vivo permeation via nasal mucosa. The histopathol. assessment revealed that the BER-CTS-NLCs system is safe for nasal delivery. Pharmacokinetic and brain accumulation experiments showed that animals treated intranasally with BER-CTS-NLCs had substantially greater drug levels in the brain. The ratios of BER brain/blood levels at 30 min, AUCbrain/AUCblood, drug transport percentage, and drug targeting efficiency for BER-CTS-NLCs (IN) were higher compared to BER solution (IN), suggesting enhanced brain targeting. The optimized nanoparticulate system is speculated to be a successful approach for boosting the effect of BER in treating CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, through intranasal therapy. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Name: Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Name: Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics