Category: 2044-85-1

Alabi, Okunola A. published the artcileIn vitro cytotoxicity of co-exposure to superparamagnetic iron oxide and solid lipid nanoparticles, Synthetic Route of 2044-85-1, the main research area is superparamagnetic iron oxide solid lipid nanoparticle cytotoxicity co exposure; Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; co-exposure; cytotoxicity; in vitro study; solid lipid nanoparticles.

Increased production and use of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) in the last decades has led to increased environmental release of these NPs with potential detrimental effects on both the environment and public health. Information is scarce in the literature on the cytotoxic effect of co-exposure to many NPs as this concern is relatively recent. Thus, in this study, we hypothesized scenarios of cell′ s co-exposure to two kinds of NPs, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), to assess the potential cytotoxicity of exposure to NPs combination. Cytotoxicity of SPIONs, SLNs, and their 1:1 mixture (MIX) in six tumor and six non-tumor cell lines was investigated. The mechanisms underlining the induced cytotoxicity were studied through cell cycle anal., detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). Double staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide was also used to confirm cell morphol. alterations. The results showed that SPIONs induced low cytotoxicity compared to SLNs. However, the mixture of SPIONs and SLNs showed synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects based on distinct tests such as viability assay, ROS generation, ΔΨM, and DNA damage, depending on the cell line. Apoptosis triggered by ROS and disturbances in ΔΨM are the most probable related mechanisms of action. As was postulated, there is possible cytotoxic interaction between the two kinds of NPs.

Toxicology and Industrial Health published new progress about Analysis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Synthetic Route of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

McDougall, Rachel M. published the artcileMultiparametric cytotoxicity assessment: the effect of gold nanoparticle ligand functionalization on SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell death, Computed Properties of 2044-85-1, the main research area is ovarian carcinoma cell death gold nanoparticle ligand cyotoxicity assessment; AuNP; Gold nanoparticles; cell death; cytotoxicity; nanoparticle chemistry; nanotoxicology; ovarian cancer.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are promising anti-cancer agents because of their modifiable properties and high biocompatibility. This study used multiple parallel analyses to investigate the cytotoxic properties of 5 nm AuNP conjugated to four different ligands with distinct surface chem.: polyethylene glycol (PEG), trimethylammonium bromide (TMAB), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and carboxyl (COOH). We used a range of biochem. and high-content microscopy methods to evaluate the metabolic function, oxidative stress, cell health, cell viability, and cell morphol. in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. Each AuNP displayed a distinct cytotoxicity profile. All AuNP species assessed exhibited signs of dose-dependent cytotoxicity when morphol., clonogenic survival, lysosomal uptake, or cell number were measured as the marker of toxicity. All particles except for AuNP-COOH increased SKOV3 apoptosis. In contrast, AuNP-TMAB was the only particle that did not alter the metabolic function or induce significant signs of oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that AuNP surface chem. impacts the magnitude and mechanism of SKOV3 cell death. Together, these findings reinforce the important role for multiparametric cytotoxicity characterization when considering the utility of novel particles and surface chemistries.

Nanotoxicology published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Computed Properties of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhang, He published the artcileFe3O4@GO magnetic nanocomposites protect mesenchymal stem cells and promote osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Name: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is osteogenic differentiation bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; iron oxide GO magnetic nanocomposite.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are typical magnetic materials for bone tissue regeneration. However, the accompanying oxidative stress during the reaction process of Fe3O4 NPs and H2O2 in bone remodeling and disease may hinder their application. In order to reduce this side effect, we selected graphene oxide (GO) to modify Fe3O4 NPs. We showed that Fe3O4@GO magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4@GO MNCs) eliminated 30% of H2O2 in 3 h, and reduced the amount of OH, the intermediate product of the Fenton reaction. The cellular study demonstrated that Fe3O4@GO MNCs reduced the cell damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improved the activity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Moreover, when the magnetic field and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) delivered by Fe3O4@GO MNCs worked together, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro was well promoted.

Biomaterials Science published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Name: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhou, Tian-Jiao published the artcileLight triggered oxygen-affording engines for repeated hypoxia-resistant photodynamic therapy, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1, the main research area is hypoxia photodynamic therapy light triggered green affording oxygen engine; Chlorella; Hypoxia alleviation; Oxygen-affording; Photodynamic therapy; Photosynthesis.

Hypoxia is the trickiest barrier for oncotherapy, which can cause the resistance of various tumor treatments, even promote cancer progression and metastasis, especially in the treatment of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Therefore, alleviating tumor hypoxia would be a favorable modality to improve PDT treatment. In this study, we designed an innovative biol. oxygen-evolving material, autotrophic light-triggered green affording-oxygen engine (ALGAE), which could perform an on-off switchable and inexhaustible oxygen generation triggered by the same irradiation of PDT with good biocompatibility and degradability. And the hypoxia-resistant PDT induced by ALGAE could successfully eradicate tumors and avoid tumor metastasis. The ALGAE system could be standby in a long period for efficient oxygen-affording around tumors, which not only dramatically alleviated tumor hypoxia but also achieved a high-efficiency and repetitive PDT treatments. Furthermore, the innovative biol. oxygen-affording engine described in the study presents a new class of oxygen-generating material for hypoxia-resistant cancer therapy.

Journal of Controlled Release published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Anastasiou, Ioanna A. published the artcileLow concentrations of bisphenol A promote the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway on Beta-TC-6 cells via the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide, HPLC of Formula: 2044-85-1, the main research area is bisphenol mitochondrial apoptotic Beta TC 6 cell superoxide; Beta-TC-6 cells; apoptosis; bisphenol A; intracellular reactive oxygen species.

The natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a progressive loss of pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chem. that is used widely in industry; people are exposed to BPA and its products daily. Studies have delineated that BPA alters the function of pancreatic beta cells. Herein, we examined the effect of low doses of BPA on pancreatic beta cell viability and apoptosis and we tried to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these processes. Beta-TC-6 (ATCC CRL-11506) cells were cultured with a medium containing the following dilutions of BPA: 0.002, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 2 μup to 72 h. We examined the viability and ATP (ATP) levels of cells. Then, we measured apoptosis, cell cycle, and insulin levels. We quantified the levels of proteins implicated in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis; and finally, we quantified the intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide. We found that the exposure of Beta-TC-6 cells to BPA results in a decrease in cell viability, ATP levels, and an increase in insulin levels. We found an increase in apoptosis levels and a decrease in cell cycle levels. In addition, we provide evidence of the levels of apoptotic proteins. Finally, we found an increase in the cellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide production Exposure to low concentrations of BPA triggers the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis via the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide on Beta-TC-6 cells in a dose-dependent way.

Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, HPLC of Formula: 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhang, Gaofeng published the artcileBergenin alleviates H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells: Involvement of the PPAR -γ/ NF-κB pathway, Name: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is bergenin hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress apoptosis HNPC PPAR pathway; PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway; apoptosis; bergenin; nucleus pulposus cell; oxidative stress.

Bergenin is a C-glucoside of 4-O-Me gallic acid with a variety of biol. activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Herein, we investigated the involvement of bergenin in the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) and the underlying mechanisms. HNPCs were cotreated with various concentrations of bergenin and 200μM H2O2 for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated utilizing 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured to assess oxidative stress. Apoptosis was evaluated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and caspase-3/7 activity assays. Expression of protein was determined by western blotting. Results indicated that treatment with bergenin significantly alleviated H2O2-induced viability reduction and ROS overproduction in HNPCs in a dose-dependent manner. Bergenin alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HNPCs by increased activity of superoxide dismutase and level of glutathione peroxidase. H2O2-induced apoptosis and activity of caspase-3/7 were also suppressed by bergenin treatment in HNPCs. Western blotting showed that H2O2-induced decrease in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (PPAR-β) and increase in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were inhibited by bergenin. However, the inhibitory effect of bergenin on H2O2-induced viability reduction, oxidative stress and apoptosis were noticeably abrogated in PPAR-β knockdown HNPCs. In conclusion, our results indicated that bergenin alleviates H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HNPCs by activating PPAR-γ and suppressing NF-κB pathway.

Environmental Toxicology published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Name: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wu, Po-Ting published the artcileMethylene-blue-encapsulated liposomes as photodynamic therapy nano agents for breast cancer cells, COA of Formula: C24H14Cl2O7, the main research area is photodynamic therapy methylene blue liposome breast cancer cell; breast cancer cell; liposome; methylene blue; photodynamic therapy; zwitterion.

Methylene blue (MB) is a widely used dye and photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent that can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) after light exposure, triggering apoptosis. However, it is hard for the dye to penetrate through the cell membrane, leading to poor cellular uptake; thus, drug carriers, which could enhance the cellular uptake, are a suitable solution In addition, the defective vessels resulting from fast vessel outgrowth leads to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which gives nanoscale drug carriers a promising potential. In this study, we applied poly(12-(methacryloyloxy)dodecyl phosphorylcholine), a zwitterionic polymer-lipid, to self-assemble into liposomes and encapsulate MB (MB-liposome). Its properties of high stability and fast intracellular uptake were confirmed, and the higher in vitro ROS generation ability of MB-liposomes than that of free MB was also verified. For in vivo tests, we examined the toxicity in mice via tail vein injection. With the features found, MB-liposome has the potential of being an effective PDT nano agent for cancer therapy.

Nanomaterials published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, COA of Formula: C24H14Cl2O7.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lopez-Arellano, Patricia published the artcilePerfluorooctanoic acid disrupts gap junction intercellular communication and induces reactive oxygen species formation and apoptosis in mouse ovaries, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1, the main research area is perfluorooctanoic acid gap junction intercellular communication ROS apoptosis; COCs; GJIC; PFOA; ROS; oocyte; ovary.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a member of the perfluoroalkyl acid family of compounds Due to the presence of strong carbon-fluorine bonds, it is practically nonbiodegradable and highly persistent in the environment. PFOA has been detected in the follicular fluid of women, and pos. associated with reduced fecundability and infertility. However, there are no reports concerning the exptl. evaluation of PFOA on oocyte toxicity in mammals. The aim of the present study was to determine if PFOA is able to induce oxidative stress in fetal ovaries and cause apoptosis in oocytes in vitro. In addition, since inhibition of the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) by PFOA has been demonstrated in liver cells in vivo and in vitro, the effect of PFOA on the GJIC between the oocyte and its supportive cumulus cells was studied. Results show that PFOA induced oocyte apoptosis and necrosis in vitro (medium lethal concentration, LC50 = 112.8μM), as evaluated with Annexin-V-Alexa 508 in combination with BOBO-1 staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, as assessed by DCFH-DA, increased significantly in fetal ovaries exposed to 1/4 LC50 (28.2μM, a noncytotoxic and relevant occupational exposure concentration) and LC50 PFOA ex vivo. This perfluorinated compound also caused the blockage of GJIC in cumulus cells-oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from female mice exposed in vivo, as evaluated by calcein transfer from cumulus cells to the oocyte. The ability of PFOA of disrupting the GJIC in COCs, generating ROS in the fetal ovary and causing apoptosis and necrosis in mammals oocytes, might account for the reported association between increasing maternal plasma concentrations of PFOA with reduced fertility in women.

Environmental Toxicology published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kim, Mi Hye published the artcilePeroxiredoxin 2 deficiency reduces white adipogenesis due to the excessive ROS generation, Safety of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is peroxiredoxin deficiency white adipogenesis ROS generation; adipose tissue/adipocytes; apoptosis; cell death; oxidative stress.

The Prx2 is present in the cytoplasm and cell membranes and demonstrates ROS scavenging activity. We focused on Prx2 involvement in regulating adipogenesis and lipid accumulation and demonstrated that Prx2 expression was upregulated during adipocyte differentiation. In addition, the silencing of Prx2 (shPrx2) inhibited adipogenesis by modulating adipogenic gene expression, and cell death was enhanced via increased ROS production in shPrx2-3T3-L1 cells. These results demonstrate that shPrx2 triggers adipocyte cell death and weakens adipocyte function via ROS production Taken together, our data suggest the participation of Prx2 in adipocyte function and differentiation. Our results also imply that the downregulation of Prx2 activity could help prevent obesity. Overall, findings support the development of ROS-based therapeutic solutions for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling mols. to regulate various cell functions. Numerous studies have demonstrated ROS to be essential for the differentiation of adipocytes. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes in mammalian cells.

Cell Biology International published new progress about Adipocyte. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Safety of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Shubin published the artcileGlucose-coated berberine nanodrug for glioma therapy through mitochondrial pathway, Quality Control of 2044-85-1, the main research area is glucose berberine glioma cell mitochondria nanocarrier; berberine; glioma; glucose-nanocarrier; mitochondria; nanoparticles.

Introduction: Glioma is the primary malignant brain tumor with poor prognosis. Berberine (BBR) was the potential drug for anti-tumor in glioma cells. Based on its limitation of poor aqueous solubility and instability, little information of BBR nanoparticles is reported in glioma. Methods: Different solutions including 5% glucose, 1*PBS, ddH2O, 0.9% NaCl, cell culture medium were selected, and only 5% glucose and ddH2O exhibited BBR-related nanoparticles. After heating for a longer time or adding a higher concentration of glucose solution, BBR nanoparticles were detected by TEM anal. The uptake of BBR-Glu or BBR-Water nanoparticles were detected by immunofluorescence anal. for BBR autofluorescence. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and Western blotting anal. Apoptosis was performed with flow cytometric anal. and was detected by cleaved caspase-3 immuno-fluorescent staining. Cell cycle was used by flow cytometric anal. Cytoskeleton was observed by confocal anal. using the neuron specific Class III β-tubulin and β-tubulin antibodies. Mitochondrial-related proteins were detected by Western blotting analyses and mito-tracker staining in live cells. Mitochondrion structures were observed by TEM anal. ROS generation and ATP production were detected by related com. kits. The tracking of BBR-Glu or BBR-Water nanoparticles into blood-brain barrier was observed in primary tumor-bearing models. The fluorescence of BBR was detected by confocal analyses in brains and gliomas.

International Journal of Nanomedicine published new progress about Apoptosis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Quality Control of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics