Category: 106-73-0

Flexible polyurethanes, renewable fuels, and flavorings from a microalgae oil waste stream was written by Phung Hai, Thien An;Neelakantan, Nitin;Tessman, Marissa;Sherman, Suryendra D.;Griffin, Graham;Pomeroy, Robert;Mayfield, Stephen P.;Burkart, Michael D.. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2020.Quality Control of Methyl heptanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Renewable polymers have become an important focus in next-generation materials, and algae biomass offers an environmentally low-impact feedstock that can serve multiple uses. This study aims to develop a scalable methodol. for production of microalgae-based polyols for polyurethane synthesis from waste oils derived from algae biomass. Following separation of omega-3 fatty acids from algae oil, residual oils can offer valuable building blocks for petrochem. replacements. However, unlike vegetable oils, algae oils contain organic contaminants, including photosynthetic pigments and hydrophobic cofactors that can complicate preparative methodologies. Here we convert and purify waste streams from omega-3 depleted Nannochloropsis salina algae oil, with major components consisting of palmitic and palmitoleic acid, into azelaic acid (AA) as a building block for flexible polyurethanes, with a simultaneous production of heptanoic acid (HA) as a flavor and fragrance precursor. Conversion of free fatty acid mixtures into a soft soap allows extraction of organic contaminants, and urea complexation provides isolated palmitoleic acid, which is subsequently ozonolyzed to produce AA and HA. Bio-based polyester diols are prepared from AA via esterification to provide a polyol monomer for flexible polyurethane foam preparation The HA co-product is modified to produce the flavoring agent Me heptanoate and also decarboxylated to produce hexane as a renewable solvent. This scalable process can be performed on oils from multiple algal species, offering valuable monomers from a highly sustainable source. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Quality Control of Methyl heptanoate).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Quality Control of Methyl heptanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Incidence of personal care products in surface water of Middle Tennessee Urban and rural sub-watersheds was written by Kaur, Ravneet;Akuley-Amenyenu, Anonya;Deng, Qi;Dennis, Sam O.. And the article was included in Journal of Water Resource and Protection in 2018.Recommanded Product: Methyl heptanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Personal care products (PCPs) are stable and are recognized as important chems. of emerging concern in freshwater resources in the United States (US), including surface water. Although little is known about the bio accessibility or biodegradation of these chems. in the environment. Their primary source of entry into water bodies includes activities such as bathing and showering as well as improper disposal of unused personal care products. We conducted a study to monitor the incidence of personal care products in two rivers (surface water) in Middle Tennessee. The objectives were to determine the incidence of personal care products in surface water of urban and rural sub-watersheds. Secondly, to identify the most frequently detected PCPs in the rivers monitored in the sub-watershed. Water samples were collected from the Cumberland River and Collins River. These rivers represented surface water drained by urban and rural watersheds resp. in Middle Tennessee. The surface water samples were analyzed for the presence of personal care products using GC-MS. During sampling, water quality parameters of interest were collected in-situ with a multi-parameter data-sonde. Low-level concentration of compounds containing PCPs was detected in the two rivers monitored. Personal care products detected included the active ingredients in perfumes (Docosane, Heptadecane, Me hexadecanoate, and Undecane), antiperspirants (Octadecanol, and Pentadecalactone), skin conditioners (Cyclotrisiloxane, Isohexyl palmitate, Me palmitate, and Cedrol), and shampoos (1-Hexadecanol, Hexadecanoic acid, and Nonanal). This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Recommanded Product: Methyl heptanoate).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Recommanded Product: Methyl heptanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Influence of fruit logistics on fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) volatiles assessed by HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis was written by Steingass, Christof B.;Dickreuter, Jennifer;Kuebler, Sabine;Schweiggert, Ralf M.;Carle, Reinhold. And the article was included in European Food Research and Technology in 2021.Computed Properties of C8H16O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Green-ripe pineapples are shipped overseas by sea freight, while those picked at full maturity need to be transported by airfreight over the same large distance. In this study, fresh-cut pineapple cubes were assessed two, five, and eight days after processing from green-ripe pineapples after mimicked sea freigh (SF) and fully ripe air-freighted (AF) pineapples. The sea-freighted samples displayed elevated titratable acidity (TA), thus resulting in smaller ratios of total soluble solids and TA compared to the AF pineapples. Differences in the carotenoid levels of the two fresh-cut categories were found to be insignificant. By contrast, hierarchical cluster anal. (HCA) and principal component anal. (PCA) calculated on the basis of the volatiles analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) permitted to distinguish all six individual sample types and to segregate them into two major clusters (SF and AF). The effect of storage on the volatiles was further evaluated by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Substantial chem. markers to differentiate the individual samples and to describe the effect of storage were deduced from the PCA and PLS regression, resp. In general, fresh-cut products obtained from fully ripe AF fruit displayed higher concentrations of volatiles, in particular, increased concentrations of diverse Me esters. With progressing storage duration, the concentrations of ethanol and diverse Et esters increased. Moreover, products from AF pineapples displayed lower microbial counts compared to those from SF fruit. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Computed Properties of C8H16O2).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Computed Properties of C8H16O2

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Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discrimination of Fruit Beer Based on Fingerprints by Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry was written by Yang, Qing;Tu, Jingxia;Chen, Ming;Gong, Xiao. And the article was included in Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists in 2022.SDS of cas: 106-73-0 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Fruit beer, a recognized special beer, is produced with fruit addition during fermentation, maturation, or the refermentation process. Volatile organic compounds of seven fruit beers were investigated using a gas chromatog.-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technique. A total of 38 compounds were identified, and volatiles in the seven beers differed greatly. The concentration of nonanal, Me octanoate, Et 2-methylbutanoate, Pr hexanoate, and Me 2-methylbutanoate was high, and the first two compounds were the characteristic volatiles in the pineapple beer. Apple beer had a higher concentration of Bu acetate, iso-Bu acetate, Me heptanoate, and butanal. Bu acetate was the specific apple beer volatile. Peach beer showed a higher concentration of 3-methylbutanal, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, α-pinene as well as 2,3-di-Et 5-methylpyrazine, and the last was detected only in the peach beer. Et heptanoate and maltol were abundant in the cranberry beer, whereas linalool, furaneol, and benzaldehyde were rich in the cherry beer, and benzaldehyde was the characteristic cherry beer volatile. Raspberry beer had abundant 3-pentanone, Et propanoate, and E-2-hexenol, whereas blueberry beer had abundant Et 2-hydroxypropanoate. Discrimination and classification of the seven fruit beers were effectively performed by the principal component anal. (PCA) method with good dispersion, and all groups had corresponding attribution areas in the PCA map. The cumulative contribution rate of the first two PCs was 60%. This study offers an approach for the anal. of the volatiles of fruit beers and could help in the verification of adulteration in fruit beers. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0SDS of cas: 106-73-0).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.SDS of cas: 106-73-0

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Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Relationships between emitted volatile organic compounds and their concentration in the pile during municipal solid waste composting was written by Sanchez-Monedero, M. A.;Fernandez-Hernandez, A.;Higashikawa, F. S.;Cayuela, M. L.. And the article was included in Waste Management (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2018.Application of 106-73-0 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Composting operations taking place at municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants represent a source of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to the atm. Understanding the variables governing the release of VOC at these facilities is crucial to assess potential health risks for site workers and local residents. In this work the changes in the VOC composition of a composting pile were monitored and compared to the VOC emitted from the same pile in order to understand the impact of composting operations on the release of VOC. More than one hundred VOC were identified in the solid phase of the composting piles, which were dominated by terpenes (about 50% of the total amount of VOC) and in a lower quantity alcs., volatile fatty acids and aromatic compounds There was a reduction in the total concentration of VOC in the pile during composting, from 45 to 35 mg/kg, but the composition and distribution of VOC families remained stable in the pile even in the mature compost. However, there was no correlation between the emitted VOC and their concentration in the composting pile. The VOC emission pattern was affected by the biol. activity in the pile (measured by temperature, CO₂ evolution and the presence of CH₄ emissions). The highest VOC emissions were detected at early stages of the process, alongside with the generation of CH₄ in the pile, and then decreased sharply in the mature compost as a consequence of biodegradation and volatilization. These results pointed to the importance of composting operation rather than the composition of the raw materials on the release of VOC in composting plants. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Application of 106-73-0).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Application of 106-73-0

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Computational exploration of molecular receptive fields in the olfactory bulb reveals a glomerulus-centric chemical map was written by Soelter, Jan;Schumacher, Jan;Spors, Hartwig;Schmuker, Michael. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2020.Name: Methyl heptanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Progress in olfactory research is currently hampered by incomplete knowledge about chem. receptive ranges of primary receptors. Moreover, the chem. logic underlying the arrangement of computational units in the olfactory bulb has still not been resolved. We undertook a large-scale approach at characterizing mol. receptive ranges (MRRs) of glomeruli in the dorsal olfactory bulb (dOB) innervated by the MOR18-2 olfactory receptor, also known as Olfr78, with human ortholog OR51E2. Guided by an iterative approach that combined biol. screening and machine learning, we selected 214 odorants to characterize the response of MOR18-2 and its neighboring glomeruli. We found that a combination of conventional physico-chem. and vibrational mol. descriptors performed best in predicting glomerular responses using nonlinear Support-Vector Regression. We also discovered several previously unknown odorants activating MOR18-2 glomeruli, and obtained detailed MRRs of MOR18-2 glomeruli and their neighbors. Our results confirm earlier findings that demonstrated tunotopy, i.e., glomeruli with similar tuning curves tend to be located in spatial proximity in the dOB. In addition, our results indicate chemotopy, i.e., a preference for glomeruli with similar physico-chem. MRR descriptions being located in spatial proximity. Together, these findings suggest the existence of a partial chem. map underlying glomerular arrangement in the dOB. Our methodol. that combines machine learning and physiol. measurements lights the way towards future high-throughput studies to deorphanise and characterize structure-activity relationships in olfaction. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Name: Methyl heptanoate).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Name: Methyl heptanoate

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Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Liquid-phase oxidation of olefins with rare hydronium ion salt of dinuclear dioxido-vanadium(V) complexes and comparative catalytic studies with analogous copper complexes was written by Maurya, Abhishek;Haldar, Chanchal. And the article was included in Applied Organometallic Chemistry in 2021.Synthetic Route of C8H16O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Homogeneous liquid-phase oxidation of a number of aromatic and aliphatic olefins was examined using dinuclear anionic vanadium dioxido complexes [(VO₂)₂(^salLH)]and [(VO₂)₂(^NsalLH)] and dinuclear copper complexes [(CuCl)₂(^salLH)] and [(CuCl)₂(^NsalLH)] (reaction of carbohydrazide with salicylaldehyde and 4-diethylamino salicylaldehyde afforded Schiff-base ligands [^salLH₄] and [^NsalLH₄], resp.). Anionic vanadium and copper complexes were isolated in the form of their hydronium ion salt, which is rare. The mol. structure of the hydronium ion salt of anionic dinuclear vanadium dioxido complex [(VO₂)₂(^salLH)] was established through single-crystal X-ray anal. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, both dinuclear vanadium dioxido complexes were applied for the oxidation of a series of aromatic and aliphatic alkenes. High catalytic activity and efficiency were achieved using dinuclear anionic vanadium dioxido complexes in the oxidation of olefins. Alkenes with electron-donating groups make the oxidation processes easy. Thus, in general, aromatic olefins show better substrate conversion in comparison to the aliphatic olefins. Under optimized reaction conditions, both copper catalysts fail to compete with the activity shown by their vanadium counterparts. Irresp. of olefins, metal (vanadium or copper) complexes of the ligand [^salLH₄] show better substrate conversion(%) compared with the metal complexes of the ligand [^NsalLH₄]. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Synthetic Route of C8H16O2).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Synthetic Route of C8H16O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Volatolomics approach by HS-SPME-GC-MS and multivariate analysis to discriminate olive tree varieties infected by Xylella fastidiosa was written by Mentana, Annalisa;Camele, Ippolito;Mang, Stefania M.;De Benedetto, Giuseppe E.;Frisullo, Salvatore;Centonze, Diego. And the article was included in Phytochemical Analysis in 2019.Safety of Methyl heptanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diseases in olive trees. Therefore, anal. methods for both the characterization of the host/pathogen interaction and infection monitoring are needed. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants relate to their physiol. state, therefore VOCs monitoring can assist in detecting stress or infection states before visible signs are present. In this work, the headspace-solid phase microextraction-gaschromatog.-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technique was used for the first time to highlight VOCs differences between healthy and Xf-infected olive trees. VOCs from olive tree twig samples were extracted and analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS, and hence identified by comparing the exptl. linear retention indexes with the reference values and by MS data obtained from NIST library. Data were processed by principal component anal. (PCA) and anal. of variance (ANOVA). The HS-SPME step was optimized in terms of adsorbent phase and extraction time. HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was applied to the extraction and anal. of VOCs of healthy and Xf-infected olive trees. More than 100 compounds were identified and the differences between samples were evidenced by the multivariate anal. approach. The results showed the marked presence of Me esters in Xf-infected samples, suggesting their probable involvement in the mechanism of diffusible signal factor. The proposed approach represents an easy and solvent-free method to evaluate the presence of Xf in olive trees, and to evidence volatiles produced by host/pathogen interactions that could be involved in the defensive mechanism of the olive tree and/or in the infective action of Xf. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Safety of Methyl heptanoate).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Safety of Methyl heptanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Phytochemical Investigations and In Vitro Bioactivity Screening on Melia azedarach L. Leaves Extract from Nepal was written by Shrestha, Shyam Sharan;Ferrarese, Irene;Sut, Stefania;Zengin, Gokhan;Grana, Sara;Ak, Gunes;Pant, Deepak Raj;Dall’Acqua, Stefano;Rajbhandary, Sangeeta. And the article was included in Chemistry & Biodiversity in 2021.Electric Literature of C8H16O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Melia azedarach is a common tree used in the traditional medicine of Nepal. In this work, leaves were considered as source of bioactive constituents and composition of methanol extract was evaluated and compared with starting plant material. Flavonoid glycosides and limonoids were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-MSn approaches in dried leaves and methanolic extract, while HPLC-APCI-MSn and GC/MS anal. were used to study phytosterol and lipid compositions β-Sitosterol and rutin were the most abundant constituents. HPLC-APCI-MSn and HPLC-DAD-MSn anal. revealed high levels of phytosterols and flavonoids in methanolic extract accounting 9.6 and 7.5% on the dried weight, resp. On the other hand, HPLC/MSn data revealed that limonoid constituents were in minor amount in the extract <0.1%, compared with leaves (0.7%) indicating that degradation occurred during extraction or concentration procedures. The methanol extract was subjected to different bioassays, and antioxidant activity was evaluated. Limited inhibitory activity on acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase, as well as on amylase were detected. Moreover, tyrosinase inhibition was significant resulting in 131.57±0.51 mg kojic acid equivalent/g of dried methanol extract, suggesting possible use of this M. azedarach extract in skin hyperpigmentation conditions. Moderate cytotoxic activity, with IC50 of 26.4μg/mL was observed against human ovarian cancer cell lines (2008 cells). Our findings indicate that the Nepalese M. azedarach leaves can be considered as valuable starting material for the extraction of phenolics and phytosterols, yielding extracts with possible cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0Electric Literature of C8H16O2).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Electric Literature of C8H16O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Variability in volatile composition of crimson seedless (vitis vinifera) in association with maturity at harvest was written by Maoz, Itay;Kaplunov, Tatiana;Beno-Mualem, Dlila;Lewinsohn, Efraim;Lichter, Amnon. And the article was included in American Journal of Enology and Viticulture in 2018.COA of Formula: C8H16O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Crimson Seedless is a popular table grape cultivar worldwide because of its appearance, balanced sugar and acidity, and excellent texture. In this study, we assessed variability of volatile compounds in berries among different vineyards and explored its association to maturity at harvest. Volatile composition of Crimson Seedless was analyzed in berries sampled from six vineyards in two adjacent regions. The volatile composition consisted of 43 compounds that were identified in all vineyards tested, and 12 compounds showed variable patterns. This anal. enables differentiation between vineyards based on location of the vineyard, berry acidity, or total soluble solids (TSS), but not according to berry weight To eliminate environmental or horticultural effects, berries from another vineyard were separated by d. into categories of higher and lower maturity (>17.5 Brix and <16.0 Brix, resp.). Clear differences were observed among the volatiles of the two berry groups, corresponding in large part to the pattern observed among the vineyards. Many volatile compounds derived from fatty acid metabolism increased, but linolenic acid derivatives decreased, in association with TSS. Among the volatile compounds identified from the seven vineyards, 1-octanol, Me hexanoate, and l-octen-3-ol were associated with higher TSS levels, and (E)-2-hexenal was associated with lower TSS levels. In conclusion, while regional conditions affect berry composition, maturity at harvest is a major, well-defined factor that can account for the observed variability. Compounds that accumulate or decrease in mature berries may serve as addnl. markers for assessing table grape maturity. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0COA of Formula: C8H16O2).

Methyl heptanoate (cas: 106-73-0) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. COA of Formula: C8H16O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics