Chemistry is traditionally divided into organic and inorganic chemistry. The former is the study of compounds containing at least one carbon-hydrogen bonds. 123-95-5, Name is Butyl stearate, molecular formula is C22H44O2, belongs to esters-buliding-blocks compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Yan, Han, once mentioned the new application about 123-95-5, Safety of Butyl stearate.
Exposure to tert-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate, an Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardant and Plasticizer, Alters Hedgehog Signaling in Murine Limb Bud Cultures
Organophosphate esters have become widely used as flame retardants since the phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Previously, we demonstrated that some organophosphate esters, such as tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), were more detrimental to endochondral ossification in murine limb bud cultures than one of the major polybrominated diphenyl ethers that they replaced, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Here, we used a transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mechanism of action of BPDP in the developing limb. Limb buds collected from gestation day 13 CD1 mouse embryos were cultured for 3 or 24h in the presence of vehicle, 1 mu M, or 10 mu M BPDP. RNA sequencing analyses revealed that exposure to 1 mu M BPDP for 24h increased the expression of 5 transcripts, including Ihh, and decreased 14 others, including Gli1, Ptch1, Ptch2, and other targets of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Pathway analysis predicted the inhibition of Hh signaling. Attenuation of Hh signaling activity began earlier and reached a greater magnitude after exposure to 10 mu M BPDP. Because this pathway is part of the regulatory network governing endochondral ossification, we used a known Hh agonist, purmorphamine, to determine the contribution of Hh signaling inhibition to the negative impact of BPDP on endochondral ossification. Cotreatment of limbs with purmorphamine rescued the detrimental morphological changes in the cartilage template induced by BPDP exposure though it did not restore the expression of key transcription factors, Runx2 and Sp7, to control levels. These data highlight Hh signaling as a developmentally important pathway vulnerable to environmental chemical exposures.
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