Antioxidant effect of grape seed extract corrects experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis behavioral dysfunctions, demyelination, and glial activation was written by Mabrouk, Maha;El Ayed, Mohamed;Demosthenes, Amelie;Aissouni, Youssef;Aouani, Ezzedine;Daulhac-Terrail, Laurence;Mokni, Meherzia;Begou, Melina. And the article was included in Frontiers in Immunology in 2022.COA of Formula: C21H44O5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a multifactorial autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by demyelination and chronic inflammation, as well as axonal and neuronal loss. There is no cure for MS, and despite a significant improvement in the therapeutic management of patients during the last 20 years, some symptoms are still resistant to treatment, and the evolution of the disease to progressive form seems still ineluctable. The etiol. of MS is complex and still not fully understood. However, inflammation is a major driver of physiopathol. and oxidative stress contributes to CNS lesions and promotes existing inflammatory response. Plant polyphenols are endowed with many therapeutic benefits through alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, thus providing neuroprotection in MS. We presently evaluated the curative effect of grape seed extract (GSE) in an exptl. autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Exptl. approach: Six-week-old C57Bl/6J females were subjected to the EAE paradigm (using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide fragment (35-55), complete Freund鈥瞫 adjuvant, and pertussis toxin) and then chronically treated with GSE from day 10 to day 30 post-induction. Clin. score and body weight were monitored daily, while evaluation of sensitive, motor, cognitive, and anxiety-related behaviors was performed weekly. Then, the GSE effect was evaluated on whole brain and spinal cord samples through the evaluation of oxidative stress damage, antioxidant capacities, myelin alteration, astroglial and microglial proliferation, and sirtuin expression. Grape seed extract curative chronic treatment corrected the clin. course of EAE, as well as the mech. hypersensitivity, and avoided the development of EAE mouse thermal cold allodynia. The neuropathol. evaluation showed that GSE reduced oxidative stress in the brain and spinal cord by decreasing the lipid and protein oxidation through correction of the three main antioxidant enzyme activities, namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as restoring normal myelin protein expression and correcting microglial and astroglial protein overexpression and sirtuin downregulation. These data strongly support GSE as an effective therapeutic approach in MS treatment. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1COA of Formula: C21H44O5).
Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.COA of Formula: C21H44O5
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