Kaberova, Zhansaya; Karpushkin, Evgeny; Nevoralova, Martina; Vetrik, Miroslav; Slouf, Miroslav; Duskova-Smrckova, Miroslava published an article in 2020, the title of the article was Microscopic structure of swollen hydrogels by scanning electron and light microscopies: artifacts and reality.HPLC of Formula: 2358-84-1 And the article contains the following content:
The exact knowledge of hydrogel microstructure, mainly its pore topol., is a key issue in hydrogel engineering. For visualization of the swollen hydrogels, the cryogenic or high vacuum scanning electron microscopies (cryo-SEM or HVSEM) are frequently used while the possibility of artifact-biased images is frequently underestimated. The major cause of artifacts is the formation of ice crystals upon freezing of the hydrated gel. Some porous hydrogels can be visualized with SEM without the danger of artifacts because the growing crystals are accommodated within already existing primary pores of the gel. In some non-porous hydrogels the secondary pores will also not be formed due to rigid network structure of gels that counteracts the crystal nucleation and growth. We have tested the limits of true reproduction of the hydrogel morphol. imposed by the swelling degree and mech. strength of gels by investigating a series of methacrylate hydrogels made by crosslinking polymerization of glycerol monomethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate including their interpenetrating networks. The hydrogel morphol. was studied using cryo-SEM, HVSEM, environmental SEM (ESEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and classical wide-field light microscopy (LM). The cryo-SEM and HVSEM yielded artifact-free micrographs for limited range of non-porous hydrogels and for macroporous gels. A true non-porous structure was observed free of artifacts only for hydrogels exhibiting relatively low swelling and high elastic modulus above 0.5 MPa, whereas for highly swollen and/or mech. weak hydrogels the cryo-SEM/HVSEM experiments resulted in secondary porosity. In this contribution we present several cases of severe artifact formation in PHEMA and PGMA hydrogels during their visualization by cryo-SEM and HVSEM. We also put forward empirical correlation between hydrogel morphol. and mech. parameters and the occurrence and intensity of artifacts. The experimental process involved the reaction of Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)(cas: 2358-84-1).HPLC of Formula: 2358-84-1
The Article related to acrylic hydrogel preparation swelling crosslinking, pgma, phema, artifacts, hydrogel, laser scanning confocal microscopy, morphology, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(glycerol monomethacrylate), variable-pressure and environmental scanning electron microscopy and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 2358-84-1
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