Month: December 2022

In-Depth Study of Tripeptide-Based α-Ketoheterocycles as Inhibitors of Thrombin. Effective Utilization of the S₁‘ Subsite and Its Implications to Structure-Based Drug Design was written by Costanzo, Michael J.;Almond, Harold R. Jr.;Hecker, Leonard R.;Schott, Mary R.;Yabut, Stephen C.;Zhang, Han-Cheng;Andrade-Gordon, Patricia;Corcoran, Thomas W.;Giardino, Edward C.;Kauffman, Jack A.;Lewis, Joan M.;de Garavilla, Lawrence;Haertlein, Barbara J.;Maryanoff, Bruce E.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2005.Recommanded Product: 87694-53-9 This article mentions the following:

Thrombin inhibitors are potentially useful in medicine for their anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. We synthesized and evaluated diverse heterocycle-activated ketones based on the D-Phe-Pro-Arg, and related thrombin active-site recognition motifs, as candidate inhibitors. The peptide-based α-ketoheterocycles were typically prepared by either an imidate or a Weinreb amide route, the latter of which proved to be more general. Test compounds were generally assayed for inhibition of human α-thrombin and bovine trypsin. From a structure-based design standpoint, the heterocycle allows one to explore and adjust interactions within the S1′ subsite of thrombin. The preferred α-ketoheterocycle is a π-rich 2-substituted azole with at least two heteroatoms proximal to the carbon bearing the keto group, and a preferred thrombin inhibitor is 2-ketobenzothiazole Me-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-2-benzothiazolyl (3) with a potent K_i value of 0.2 nM and circa 15-fold selectivity over trypsin. 2-Ketobenzothiazole N-methyl-β-phenyl-D-phenylalanyl-Pro-Arg-2-benzothiazolyl (13 ) exhibited exceedingly potent thrombin inhibition (K_i = 0.00065 nM; slow tight binding). Several α-ketoheterocycles had thrombin K_i values in the range 0.1-400 nM. The “Arg” unit in the α-ketoheterocycles can be sensitive to stereomutation under mildly basic conditions. For example, 2-ketothiazoles Me-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-6-carboxy-2-benzothiazolyl(4) and Me-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-4-carbethoxy-2-thiazolyl (59) readily epimerize at pH 7.4, although they are fairly stable stereochem. at pH 3-4; thus, suitable conditions had to be selected for the enzymic assays. Lead D-Phe-Pro-Arg 2-benzothiazoles 3, 4, and Me-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-6-carbomethoxy-2-benzothiazolyl (68) displayed good selectivity for thrombin over other key coagulation enzymes (e.g., factor Xa, plasmin, protein Ca, uPA, tPA, and streptokinase); however, their selectivity for thrombin over trypsin was modest (<25-fold). Compounds 3, 4, and 68 exhibited potent in vitro antithrombotic activity as measured by inhibition of gel-filtered platelet aggregation induced by α-thrombin (IC₅₀ = 30-40 nM). They also proved to be potent anticoagulant/antithrombotic agents in vivo on i.v. administration, as determined in the canine arteriovenous shunt (ED₅₀ = 0.45-0.65 mg/kg) and the rabbit deep vein thrombosis (ED₅₀ = 0.1-0.4 mg/kg) models. I.v. administration of 3, and several analogs, to guinea pigs caused hypotension and ECG abnormalities. Such cardiovascular side effects were also observed with some nonguanidine inhibitors and inhibitors having recognition motifs other than D-Phe-Pro-Arg. 2-Benzothiazolecarboxylates 4 and 68 exhibited significantly diminished cardiovascular side effects, and benzothiazolecarboxylic acid 4 had the best profile with respect to therapeutic index. The X-ray crystal structures of the ternary complexes 3-thrombin-hirugen and 4-thrombin-hirugen depict novel interactions in the S₁‘ region, with the benzothiazole ring forming a hydrogen bond with His-57 and an aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D of thrombin’s insertion loop. The benzothiazole ring of 3 displaces the Lys-60F side chain into a U-shaped gauche conformation, whereas the benzothiazole carboxylate of 4 forms a salt bridge with the side chain of Lys-60F such that it adopts an extended anti conformation. Since 3 has a 10-fold greater affinity for thrombin than does 4, any increase in binding energy resulting from this salt bridge is apparently offset by perturbations across the enzyme. The increased affinity and selectivity of 2-ketobenzothiazole inhibitors, such as 3, may be primarily due to the aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D. However, energy contour calculations with the computer program GRID also indicate a favorable interaction between the benzothiazole sulfur atom and a hydrophobic patch on the surface of thrombin. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Recommanded Product: 87694-53-9).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Recommanded Product: 87694-53-9

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Theoretical Infrared Spectra: Quantitative Similarity Measures and Force Fields was written by Henschel, Henning;Andersson, Alfred T.;Jespers, Willem;Mehdi Ghahremanpour, Mohammad;van der Spoel, David. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation in 2020.Product Details of 118-61-6 This article mentions the following:

IR spectroscopy can provide significant insight into the structures and dynamics of mols. of all sizes. The information that is contained in the spectrum is, however, often not easily extracted without the aid of theor. calculations or simulations. We present here the calculation of the IR spectra of a database of 703 gas phase compounds with four different force fields (CGenFF, GAFF-BCC, GAFF-ESP, and OPLS) using normal-mode anal. Modern force fields increasingly use virtual sites to describe, e.g., lone-pair electrons or the σ-holes on halogen atoms. This requires some adaptation of code to perform normal-mode anal. of such compounds,the implementation of which into the GROMACS software is briefly described as well. For the quant. comparison of the obtained spectra with exptl. reference data, we discuss the application of two different statistical correlation coefficients, Pearson and Spearman. The advantages and drawbacks of the different methods of comparison are discussed, and we find that both methods of comparison give the same overall picture, showing that present force field methods cannot match the performance of quantum chem. methods for the calculation of IR spectra. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Product Details of 118-61-6).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Product Details of 118-61-6

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Preparation and biological evaluation of soluble tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitors was written by Lei, Meng;Zhang, Haoyang;Miao, Hang;Du, Xiao;Zhou, Hui;Wang, Jia;Wang, Xueyuan;Feng, Huayun;Shi, Jingmiao;Liu, Zhaogang;Shen, Jian;Zhu, Yongqiang. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2019.Synthetic Route of C16H24N2O4 This article mentions the following:

A series of novel tetrapeptidyl epoxyketone inhibitors of 20S proteasome was designed and synthesized. To fully understand the SAR, various groups at R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ positions, including aromatic and aliphatic substituents were designed, synthesized and biol. assayed. Based on the enzymic results, seven compounds were selected to evaluate their cellular activities and soluble compound (I) showed strong potency against human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. Microsomal stability results indicated that compound I was more stable in mice, rat and human microsomes than marketed carfilzomib. The in vivo activities of this compound were evaluated with the xenograft mice models of MM cell lines ARH77 and RPMI-8226 with luciferase expression and the T/C value of the two models were 49.5% and 37.6%, resp. To evaluate the potential cardiovascular toxicity, inhibition of hERG ion channel in HEK293 cells by compound I and carfilzomib was carried out. The results indicated that I had no binding affinity for the hERG ion channel while carfilzomib could bind it with IC₅₀ of 92.1 μM. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Synthetic Route of C16H24N2O4).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Synthetic Route of C16H24N2O4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Structurally Diverse Acyl Bicyclobutanes: Valuable Strained Electrophiles was written by Schwartz, Brett D.;Zhang, Meng Yao;Attard, Riley H.;Gardiner, Michael G.;Malins, Lara R.. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2020.Quality Control of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate This article mentions the following:

This work reported two efficient pathways for the rapid preparation of over 20 structurally diverse bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) ketones, such as I [R = cuban-1-yl, BOCHNCH₂, 4-MeOC₆H₄, etc.] encompassing simple alkyl and aryl derivatives, as well as unprecedented amino acid, dipeptide, bioisostere, and bifunctional linchpin reagents currently inaccessible using literature methods. Analogs were readily forged in two steps and in high yields from simple carboxylic acids or through unsym. ketone synthesis beginning with a convenient carbonyl dication equivalent The utility of this novel toolbox of strained electrophiles for selective modification of proteinogenic nucleophiles was highlighted. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Quality Control of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Quality Control of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Controlled Relay Process to Access N-Centered Radicals for Catalyst-free Amidation of Aldehydes under Visible Light was written by Lee, Wongyu;Jeon, Hyun Ji;Jung, Hoimin;Kim, Dongwook;Seo, Sangwon;Chang, Sukbok. And the article was included in Chem in 2021.Safety of 4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl isobutyrate This article mentions the following:

Here, a new relay process involving the slow in situ generation of a photoactive N-chloro species via C-N bond formation, which subsequently enables mild and selective access to N-centered radicals under visible light conditions was reported. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by the conversion of aldehydes to amides I [R¹ = t-Bu, cyclopropyl, Ph, etc.; R² = Boc, Cbz, Ts, etc.], employing N-chloro-N-sodio carbamates as a practical amidating source. This synthetic operation obviated the need for catalysts, external oxidants, and coupling reagents that were typically required in related processes, consequently allowed high functional group tolerance and excellent applicability for late-stage functionalization. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl isobutyrate (cas: 20665-85-4Safety of 4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl isobutyrate).

4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl isobutyrate (cas: 20665-85-4) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Safety of 4-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl isobutyrate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Novel (3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-phenylcarbamoyl)-alkanoic acids as potent antioxidants was written by Lodyato, Vladimir I.;Yurkova, Irina L.;Sorokin, Viktor L.;Shadyro, Oleg I.;Dolgopalets, Vladimir I.;Kisel, Mikhail A.. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2004.Recommanded Product: 12-Methoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid This article mentions the following:

A series of novel phenolic antioxidants, e.g., I, of amphiphilic structure has been synthesized. Investigations into the influence of aliphatic spacer length and nature of a hydrophilic anchor on the antioxidant activity allowed elucidating certain structure requirements for the membrane-addressed antioxidant designing. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 12-Methoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid (cas: 3903-40-0Recommanded Product: 12-Methoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid).

12-Methoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid (cas: 3903-40-0) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Recommanded Product: 12-Methoxy-12-oxododecanoic acid

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of carbon-14-labeled p-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl]butyric acid was written by Moreau, Jean;Madelmont, Jean C.. And the article was included in Journal of Labelled Compounds in 1974.Computed Properties of C11H15NO2 This article mentions the following:

p-(ClCH2CH2)2-NC6H4(CH2)3CO2H is labeled with 14C on 3 different positions: on the carbon bearing the carboxylic function by means of K14CN; uniformly on the 4 carbons of the 2 chloroethyl groups by means of labeled ethylene oxide; on the vicinal carbon of the carboxylic function by means of K14CN. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 4-(4-aminophenyl)butanoate (cas: 20637-09-6Computed Properties of C11H15NO2).

Methyl 4-(4-aminophenyl)butanoate (cas: 20637-09-6) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Computed Properties of C11H15NO2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effect of an active β-nucleating agent on the crystallization behavior of polypropylene random copolymer was written by Zhang, Xixiang;Tang, Fan;Lv, Wei;Wu, Hang;He, Xuelian;Zhao, Shicheng. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Research in 2022.Quality Control of 2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate) This article mentions the following:

There are few com. available β-nucleating agents (β-NAs) that can induce Polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) to produce large amounts of β-crystals at present. In this work, we discover that the Zinc Suberate (ZnSA) can effectively induce the formation of β-crystals for PPR and the relative β-crystals content (Kβ) can reach 0.82 when 0.2wt% ZnSA is added. The incorporation of ZnSA significantly decrease the size of spherulite and increase the crystallization rate, which are revealed by polarized optical microscopy (POM) images. Then, the effects of ZnSA on the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior of PPR at ultra-fast cooling rates and heating rates were investigated by Flash-DSC. Through the isothermal crystallization process, a bimodal relationship between the peak crystallization time and temperature was obtained. When the isothermal crystallization temperature is higher than 36°C, ZnSA significantly increases the crystallization rate of PPR. According to the non-isothermal crystallization, we discover that the addition of ZnSA inhibits the formation of mesophase and the low cooling rate (< 10°C·s^-1) is more beneficial for the formation of β-crystals for PPR. In addition, β-crystals are not suitable to be characterized by rapid heating rate (> 300°C·s^-1) because β-crystals and α-crystals are not distinguished at rapid heating rate. This work is beneficial for deeply understanding the influence of β-NAs on crystallization behavior of PPR and providing guidance for the optimization of industrial production processes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate) (cas: 6683-19-8Quality Control of 2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)).

2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate) (cas: 6683-19-8) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Quality Control of 2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Controlled Synthesis of Methacrylic Acid-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers and Their Properties at Various Interfaces was written by Zamyshlyayeva, O. G.;Ionychev, B. N.;Frolova, A. I.;Baten’kin, M. A.;Simonova, M. A.;Kopylova, N. A.;Zaitsev, S. D.;Semchikov, Yu. D.. And the article was included in Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry in 2019.Electric Literature of C14H12S2 This article mentions the following:

Conditions were found for controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer radical polymerization to obtain narrow-dispersity gradient methacrylic acid-Me acrylate copolymer (Mn = 1.59 × 10⁴). A copolymer of similar composition and mol. mass (M_n = 1.81 × 10⁴) with random distribution of units was obtained by radical copolymerization in the presence of dodecyl mercaptan. The behavior of the gradient and random copolymers, each containing ∼14 mol% methacrylic acid units, was studied in solutions, Langmuir monolayers, and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Several ranges of the existence of associates and micelles, preserved upon transfer in a Langmuir-Blodgett film, were revealed for the narrow-dispersity copolymer at the water-air interface depending on pH of the subphase. Associates in the form of ribbon structures and mol. ensembles of nanometric size (network structure with loop-like fragments) are observed in the AFM images of Langmuir-Blodgett films of the gradient and random copolymers, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Benzyl benzodithioate (cas: 27249-90-7Electric Literature of C14H12S2).

Benzyl benzodithioate (cas: 27249-90-7) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Electric Literature of C14H12S2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Optimization, characterization, and antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles synthesized using Senna didymobotrya root extract was written by Sadia, Bernard Otieno;Cherutoi, Jackson Kiplagat;Achisa, Cleophas Mecha. And the article was included in Journal of Nanotechnology in 2021.Category: esters-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The economic burden and high mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) could be a potential alternative to combat bacterial resistance to conventional medicine. This study for the first time aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions (concentration of copper ions, temperature, and pH) to obtain the smallest size of CuNPs, characterizing and testing the antibacterial efficacy of CuNPs prepared from Senna didymobotrya (S. didymobotrya) roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method using methanol as the solvent. Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) anal. was performed to identify compounds in S. didymobotrya root extracts Box-Behnken design was used to obtain optimal synthesis conditions as determined using a particle analyzer. Characterization was done using UV-visible (UV-Vis), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, zeta potentiometer, and Fourier transform IR (FT-IR). Bioassay was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The major compounds identified by GC-MS in reference to the NIST library were benzoic acid, thymol, N-benzyl-2-phenethylamine, benzaldehyde, vanillin, phenylacetic acid, and benzothiazole. UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 570 nm indicating the formation of CuNPs. The optimum synthesis conditions were temperature of 80±C, pH 3.0, and copper ion concentration of 0.0125 M. The FT-IR spectrum showed absorptions in the range 3500-3400 cm^-1 (N-H stretch), 3400-2400 cm^-1 (O-H stretch), and 988-830 cm^-1 (C-H bend) and peak at 1612 cm^-1 (C=C stretch), and 1271 cm^-1 (C-O bend). Cu nanoparticle sizes were 5.55-63.60 nm. The zeta potential value was -69.4 mV indicating that they were stable. The biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition diameters of 26.00 ± 0.58 mm and 30.00 ± 0.58 mm compared to amoxicillin clavulanate (standard) with inhibition diameters of 20 ± 0.58 mm and 28.00 ± 0.58 mm, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics