Sendra, M. published the artcileImmune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) and dimethyl itaconate are involved in the mussel immune response, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl itaconate, the publication is Fish & Shellfish Immunology (2020), 645-655, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.
Immune-responsive gene 1 (irg1) is a gene that is well-conserved among different taxa and is highly expressed in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis at the constitutive level. The expression of this gene increases after a bacterial infection, primarily in haemocytes. Irg1 catalyzes the production of itaconic acid from cis-aconitic acid in the Krebs cycle. Recently, itaconate has been revealed as an immune metabolite involved in macrophage polarization. In this work, we studied the effects of exogenous di-Me itaconate (DI) on mussels in vitro and in vivo at relevant previously described endogenous concentrations and in mussels infected with Vibrio splendidus. DI did not have adverse effects on the haemocytes viability, apoptotic cells, proliferation and phagocytic activity; however, haemocyte size, velocity and accumulated distance were decreased. The antibacterial activity of DI in vitro and in vivo was observed with high concentrations of DI, i.e., 30 and 50 mM, resp. Furthermore, DI inhibited total ROS, increased mitochondrial ROS and modulated antioxidant genes, such as SOD and CAT, related to Nrf2 activation. In this research, we have demonstrated some important pathways in haemocytes in which itaconate can be involved after its production in a bacterial infection.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology published new progress about 617-52-7. 617-52-7 belongs to esters-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Alkenyl,Aliphatic hydrocarbon chain,Ester, name is Dimethyl itaconate, and the molecular formula is C16H24BF4Ir, Recommanded Product: Dimethyl itaconate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics